Otitis externa is the scientific name for an ear infection.  Oti meaning ear, itis meaning infection, and externa meaning the outer part of the ear.  Otitis externa is one of the most common medical problems in dogs,  with an incidence rate estimated at 15-20%.  

What causes it?

Otitis externa can be caused by several factors.  Increased ear wax production and thickening of the skin usually occur when the ear is inflamed.   When this is combined with increased humidity and pH change, the ear becomes susceptible to bacterial and yeast infection.   

The ears appear inflamed and the skin can become thickened in response.  If otitis externa is not treated, the inflammation will progress and become even more painful.  The infection may spread to the middle ear and can result in hearing loss and neurological signs.  

How is it diagnosed?

Otitis externa is diagnosed through a veterinarian examination of the ear.  The veterinarian will use a special instrument called an otoscope which helps visualize the ear canal through magnification.  The veterinarian may also take samples of the ear discharge to determine if there is bacteria or yeast present.  Sometimes, a special test called a culture and sensitivity will be performed to determine the exact medication for treatment.  

How it is treated?

Treating a case of otitis externa involves many steps.  The first step is often a good cleaning of the ear.  However, if the ear is very painful, the veterinarian may choose to control the pain first and clean later.  

There are several types of ear cleaning agents available.  Most contain ingredients that help dissolve and remove ear wax.  Ear medications may also be used to change the pH of the ear- making it less comfortable living conditions for the bacteria.

Other treatments include such as corticosteroids, which help reduce inflammation and swelling, antibiotics, for bacterial infections, and anti-fungal medications for yeast infections.  Many times the treatment involves topical drops or ointments that are applied into the ear.  Sometimes, medication may also be given by mouth to your pet.  This usually occurs in more severe infections.  

In rare cases, the infection can be so severe that the ear canals become thickened to the point that surgical intervention is required.  This type of surgery removes part of the ear canal and is usually reserved for extreme cases.